Early republic
Main articles: República Velha, Estado Novo (Brazil), and Brazilian Second Republic
The Brazilian coup d'état of 1930 raised Getúlio Vargas (center with military uniform but no hat) to power. He ruled the country for fifteen years.
From the beginning, the new republican government was little more than a military dictatorship,[73] and the new constitution restricted political rights, such as the right to vote,[84][85] yet provided for direct elections to be held in 1894.[86] However, as early as 1891, the nation experienced a series of setbacks, from the development of the encilhamento bubble[87][88] to the first naval revolt, and as a result, the country entered in a prolonged cycle of financial, social, and political instability, that would extend into the 1920s, as the country continued to be plagued by several rebellions, both civilian[89][90][91] and military.[92][93][94] Little by little, these events undermined the regime to such an extent, that by 1930 it was possible for a defeated presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas, to lead a coup d'état and assume the presidency,[95] simply by having the support of the majority of the military.[96]
Vargas and the military, who were supposed to assume the government temporarily to implement democratic reforms related to 1891's Constitution, closed the Congress and ruled with emergency powers, replacing the states' governors with their supporters.[97][98] Using the claim of Vargas's broken promises of change, in 1932 the oligarchy of São Paulo tried to regain the power,[99] and in 1935 the Communists followed suit, and rebelled,.[100] Both attempts were ultimately defeated, however, the communist threat served as an excuse for Vargas to preclude further elections, launching another coup d'état in 1937, creating a full dictatorship[101][102][103][104] In May 1938, there was another failed attempt to seize power by local fascists.[105][106]
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